Hint
A bound function's this is permanent. call/apply cannot override it.
function greet() {
console.log(this.name);
}
const alice = { name: 'Alice' };
const bob = { name: 'Bob' };
const greetAlice = greet.bind(alice);
greetAlice.call(bob);Alice
Explanation: bind() creates a permanently bound function — this cannot be overridden by call(), apply(), or even new (with some exceptions). The bound this always wins.
Key Insight: A bound function's this is permanent. call/apply cannot override it.